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The city of Delhi, India, once again finds itself grappling with severely degraded air quality, forcing the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) to reinstate stringent environmental restrictions. Just six days after lifting the GRAP-III (Graded Response Action Plan) measures, which were implemented to combat escalating pollution levels, the CAQM was compelled to reintroduce them on Friday, December 28th, as the Air Quality Index (AQI) plummeted back into the 'very poor' category. This rapid deterioration underscores the volatile nature of Delhi's air quality and the challenges inherent in managing such a complex environmental issue. The initial easing of restrictions on December 27th followed a period of improved air quality, largely attributed to intense rainfall that effectively cleansed the atmosphere of accumulated pollutants. However, this temporary reprieve proved short-lived.
The resurgence of poor air quality is directly linked to a shift in meteorological conditions. Low wind speeds, high moisture levels, and dense fog created a stagnant atmospheric environment, effectively trapping pollutants and preventing their dispersal. This phenomenon, common during the winter months in Delhi, significantly exacerbates the existing pollution problem. The combination of these factors resulted in a substantial increase in the AQI. Measurements taken throughout the day revealed a concerning trend: the AQI started at 351 at 11 am, deteriorated to 361 by 3 pm, and further worsened to 376 by 7 pm. The average AQI for the day stood at 371, a significant increase from the 318 recorded the previous day, both firmly within the 'very poor' range. These figures highlight the swift and dramatic changes in air quality, emphasizing the urgent need for effective and proactive measures.
The deteriorating AQI and the grim forecasts issued by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) prompted the CAQM to convene an emergency meeting. In accordance with Supreme Court guidelines, which mandate the implementation of GRAP stage-III measures when the AQI surpasses 350, the CAQM acted swiftly to reimpose the restrictions. These measures encompass a wide range of actions designed to curtail pollution sources. Significant restrictions are placed on construction activities, aiming to reduce dust emissions, a major contributor to Delhi's air pollution. Further limitations are imposed on vehicles that utilize non-compliant fuels, further limiting vehicular emissions. Importantly, the actions outlined in stages I and II of GRAP, which have been in effect since October 14th and 21st, 2024, respectively, will also remain in place, providing a layered approach to tackling the multifaceted pollution challenge.
The CAQM's decision to reinstate GRAP-III was based on a comprehensive assessment of the situation. The sub-committee responsible for reviewing the GRAP meticulously analyzed the prevailing air quality scenario in the National Capital Region (NCR) and the forecasts provided by the IMD and IITM. Their findings clearly indicated that the average AQI had exceeded the 350 threshold and was exhibiting an upward trend. The dense fog, low mixing height, variable wind patterns, and unfavorable meteorological conditions all contributed to this concerning development. The forecasts from IMD/IITM predicted a continuation of this adverse air quality for several days, further strengthening the CAQM's resolve to act decisively. In their official statement, the CAQM emphasized the urgency of the situation and the need to prevent further deterioration of air quality. The reintroduction of GRAP-III measures is a direct consequence of this assessment, aimed at mitigating the negative impacts of the prolonged poor air quality on public health.
The situation in Delhi serves as a stark reminder of the intricate relationship between air quality, meteorology, and public policy. While rainfall can provide temporary relief, sustained improvements require a multifaceted approach involving stricter emission controls, improved public transportation, and a proactive response to changing weather patterns. The cyclical nature of the problem – periods of improvement followed by rapid deterioration – underscores the need for long-term strategies and robust contingency plans to manage air quality effectively. The repeated implementation and lifting of GRAP restrictions highlights the inherent difficulties of effectively controlling air pollution in a rapidly developing megacity like Delhi, where numerous sources contribute to the problem. The challenge lies in finding a balance between economic development and environmental sustainability, ensuring a healthy environment for its residents.