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The city of Delhi, India, once again finds itself grappling with a severe air quality crisis. Just six days after the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) lifted the GRAP-III (Graded Response Action Plan) restrictions, the measures have been reinstated due to a significant deterioration in the air quality index (AQI). This swift reversal highlights the volatile nature of Delhi's air pollution and the challenges in implementing effective long-term solutions. The initial easing of restrictions on December 27th followed a period of improved air quality brought about by heavy rainfall. This improvement, however, proved to be temporary.
The resurgence of poor air quality is attributed to a confluence of unfavorable meteorological conditions. Low wind speeds, high moisture levels, and dense fog created a stagnant atmosphere, trapping pollutants and preventing their dispersal. This resulted in a substantial increase in the AQI, with several areas experiencing severely polluted air. The contrast between the relatively clean air following the rains and the rapid return to hazardous levels underscores the critical role of weather patterns in exacerbating Delhi's air pollution problems. The absence of strong, cool, dry northwesterly winds, which typically help flush out pollutants, further contributed to the worsening situation.
The AQI readings throughout the day paint a clear picture of the deteriorating air quality. At 11 am, the AQI stood at 351, categorized as 'very poor.' This figure worsened to 361 by 3 pm and further to 376 by 7 pm. The average AQI for the day reached 371, a significant increase compared to the 318 recorded the previous day, which was also in the 'very poor' category. The early warning system issued a prediction that the very poor air quality is likely to persist until January 6th, necessitating the immediate reintroduction of GRAP-III restrictions.
The deteriorating AQI and the grim forecast prompted the CAQM to convene an emergency meeting. In accordance with Supreme Court guidelines, the CAQM triggered GRAP stage-III measures as the AQI surpassed 350. These measures include restrictions on construction activities and the operation of vehicles using non-compliant fuel. Importantly, the actions under stages I and II, which have been in effect since October 14th and 21st, 2024, respectively, remain in force. This layered approach underscores the seriousness of the situation and the escalating measures required to address the escalating air pollution levels.
The CAQM's official statement clarifies the rationale behind the reintroduction of GRAP-III. The sub-committee responsible for reviewing the GRAP considered the overall air quality scenario in the National Capital Region (NCR) and the forecasts provided by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM). The statement noted that the average AQI had exceeded 350 and was exhibiting an upward trend, primarily due to factors like dense fog, low mixing height, variable winds, and other unfavorable meteorological conditions. The forecasts from IMD/IITM indicated a continued period of adverse air quality due to these persisting unfavorable meteorological conditions.
The CAQM's decision to reinstate GRAP-III underscores the urgency of the situation and the proactive measures being taken to mitigate the further deterioration of air quality in the NCR. The implementation of these restrictions signifies a recognition of the significant health risks associated with prolonged exposure to high levels of air pollution. However, the recurring nature of these crises highlights the need for more comprehensive, long-term strategies to address the root causes of Delhi's persistent air pollution problem. These strategies must extend beyond short-term reactive measures and involve sustained efforts to reduce emissions from various sources, including vehicles, industries, and construction activities, and must integrate effective urban planning to address the unique challenges Delhi faces in tackling its air pollution crisis. The need for collaboration between government agencies, industries, and citizens is paramount to securing a healthier future for Delhi’s residents.